No. Risk name Risk type Surgery type Sample size Definition Evaluation time Odds ratio P value
35Inflammatory markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)34longterm cognitive decline defined as a composite cognitive Z score of≥1.0 compared to patients without longterm cognitive decline at 3 months postsurgery.3month0.02
36Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery180Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) is a common complication in older patients after noncardiac or cardiovascular surgery and presents as an alteration in memory,thinking,attention,insight orientation or otheraspects of central nervous function 1-3day3.28(1.33-6.42)＜0.05
37Neurotrophic factorsBiomarkerCardiac Surgery80The magnitude of the result was called the Z score,and the patients with at least 2 Z scores greater than 1.96 wereassigned to the POCD group.1week1.060(1.027-1.093) ＜0.001
38Neurotrophic factorsBiomarkerCardiac Surgery80The magnitude of the result was called the Z score,and the patients with at least 2 Z scores greater than 1.96 wereassigned to the POCD group.1week1.052(1.026-1.078) ＜0.001
145Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0098
146Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0048
147Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0058
148Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0046
149Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0355
151Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery621week0.0012
154Neural specific proteinBiomarkerHead and neck surgery26POCD defined as a total deficit score of 2SD worse than the mean performance in the control group1-3day＜0.001
176Inflammatory markersBiomarkerEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery50Patients were regarded as developing POCD if the Z score was≥1.96 on≥2 individual cognitive tests or the composite Z score was≥1.96.1week1.257(1.017. 1.553)0.034
177Inflammatory markersBiomarkerEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery50Patients were regarded as developing POCD if the Z score was≥1.96 on≥2 individual cognitive tests or the composite Z score was≥1.96.1week1.049(1.004. 1.095) 0.031
235Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCardiac Surgery154classified as having POCD if the Z score on either 2 individual tests or thecombined Z score was 1.96/responded positively to 1 of the existing 5 questions/a mean IQCODE score＞3.93month0.932(1.08-0.804)0.347
236Neural specific proteinBiomarkerCardiac Surgery154classified as having POCD if the Z score on either 2 individual tests or thecombined Z score was 1.96/responded positively to 1 of the existing 5 questions/a mean IQCODE score＞3.93month1.001(1.000-1.002)0.05
271Inflammatory markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)100 MMSE score of＜23 was considered as the POCD patients1week＜0.05
272Microtubule-associated proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)100 MMSE score of＜23 was considered as the POCD patients1week＜0.05
277Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery69Z score＜1.963month4.74(1.09-22.19)0.037
312Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week1.110(1.083-1.139)＜0.001
313Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week13.762(10.700-17.700)＜0.001
314Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week1.036(1.030-1.041)＜0.001
315Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week1.039(1.033-1.045)＜0.001
336Inflammatory markersBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery95Patients were diagnosed as POCD ifthey had Z scores greater than 1.96 in two or more tests.1week＜0.001
353Inflammatory markersBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.3-5day2.903(1.572-4.484)0.042
355Inflammatory markersBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.3-5day2.903(1.572-4.484)0.001
357Inflammatory markersBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.1week1.437(1.206-1.680)0.042
360Inflammatory markersBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.1week1.437(1.206-1.680) 0.027
367Oxidative stress markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)198Z score≥1.961week1.12(1.03-1.23)0.017
369Oxidative stress markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)384POCD was diagnosed in accordancewith the method used in the ISPOCD1 study1week1.197(1.130-1.268)＜0.001
377Microtubule-associated proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)80If the Z score was＞1.96 for＞2 times,the patient was classified as manifesting POCD1week＜0.05
378Microtubule-associated proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)80If the Z score was＞1.96 for＞2 times,the patient was classified as manifesting POCD1month＜0.05
379Microtubule-associated proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)80If the Z score was＞1.96 for＞2 times,the patient was classified as manifesting POCD3month＜0.05
395Neural specific proteinBiomarkerpelvic surgery61significantly different preoperativelyand postoperatively.3-5day＜0.05
396Inflammatory markersBiomarkerpelvic surgery61significantly different preoperativelyand postoperatively.3-5day＜0.05
397Inflammatory markersBiomarkerpelvic surgery61significantly different preoperativelyand postoperatively.3-5day＜0.05
398Inflammatory markersBiomarkerpelvic surgery61significantly different preoperativelyand postoperatively.3-5day＜0.05
402Neural specific proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)287According tothe guidance of ISPOCD1 and ISPOCD2,a Z score for each test wascalculated. In this study,patients were defined as sufferingPOCD while Z scores 1.96 on at least 2 tests1week2.03(1.21-3.29)0.012
406Neural specific proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)287According tothe guidance of ISPOCD1 and ISPOCD2,a Z score for each test wascalculated. In this study,patients were defined as sufferingPOCD while Z scores 1.96 on at least 2 tests1week2.49(1.69-3.74)0.009
446Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)98Cognitive decline was defined as negativechange in RAVLTsum of trials from postop to preop tests. Significant cognitive decline wasdefined as＞10% decrease in cognitive score compared with preoperative assessment.1month1.06(1.00-1.12)0.041
447Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)98Cognitive decline was defined as negativechange in RAVLTsum of trials from postop to preop tests. Significant cognitive decline wasdefined as＞10% decrease in cognitive score compared with preoperative assessment.3month1.0001(1.00004-1.0002)0.004
448Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)98Cognitive decline was defined as negativechange in RAVLTsum of trials from postop to preop tests. Significant cognitive decline wasdefined as＞10% decrease in cognitive score compared with preoperative assessment.3month1.06(1.02-1.100)0.006
451Inflammatory markersBiomarkerCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)98Cognitive decline was defined as negativechange in RAVLTsum of trials from postop to preop tests. Significant cognitive decline wasdefined as＞10% decrease in cognitive score compared with preoperative assessment.3month0.97(0.95-0.99)0.019
457Inflammatory markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)72Patients were defined as having cognitive dysfunction when at least twoZ scores in individual tests or the composite Z score was[1.96.1week0.01
469Inflammatory markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)59POCD was defined in an individual when their RCI was 1.96 or lesson two or more tests and/or their sum of Z scores/SD of sum of Z scores in controls was −1.96 or less.3month8.25(1.18-57.49)0.03
545Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)75a total deficit score(TDS) was greater than 2 SD above the mean performance of the control laminectomy patients (TDS≥7). Z score =(change score - mean change scoreLL)/SD of change score1month62.28(3.15-1229)0.007
553Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerHead and neck surgery102MMSE decrease＞21week0.870.008
554Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerHead and neck surgery102MMSE decrease＞21week0.460.028
630Neural specific proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)385Cognitive decline was defined as an increase in Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline Short Form score of 1 standard deviation or more or a decrease in Mini Mental StateExamination score of 3 points or more between admissionand 12 months after discharge.1year1.56(1.20-2.0)0.001
631Neural specific proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)385Cognitive decline was defined as an increase in Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline Short Form score of 1 standard deviation or more or a decrease in Mini Mental StateExamination score of 3 points or more between admissionand 12 months after discharge.1year1.56(1.20-2.03)0.001
632Neural specific proteinBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)385Cognitive decline was defined as an increase in Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline Short Form score of 1 standard deviation or more or a decrease in Mini Mental StateExamination score of 3 points or more between admissionand 12 months after discharge.1.56(1.20-2.03)0.001
653Inflammatory markersBiomarkerAbdominal surgery447A patient was diagnosed to have delayed neurocognitive recovery if the Z scores on two individual tests or Zcombined was 1.96 or greater.1week1.04(1.01-1.07)0.007
678Inflammatory markersBiomarkerElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)300MMSE DECREASE 21week＜0.05
689Inflammatory markersBiomarkerHepatobiliary surgery80Z score was determined by the followingmethod: ([change score] individual-[mean change score])/(stan-dard deviation change scoretotal) 1week0.026
690Microtubule-associated proteinBiomarkerHepatobiliary surgery80Z score was determined by the followingmethod: ([change score] individual-[mean change score])/(stan-dard deviation change scoretotal) 1week0.004
786Neuroprotective factorsBiomarkerNon-cardiac surgery527a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score＜240.019


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