No. Risk name Risk type Surgery type Sample size Definition Evaluation time Odds ratio P value
2AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1114Cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of≥2 points on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test at 1 year compared with the preoperative baseline1year1.04(1.02-1.07)0.0019
14EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery448they demonstrated a decrease of＞0.5 standard deviations compared with preoperative values in 1 or more of the 3 domains.1week1.52(1.01-2.28)0.042
15AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery101any domain of the assessment was considered to have POCD.1week＜0.01
19AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)383delayed neurocognitive recovery was diagnosed while patients fulfilled the criteria of mild or major NCD based on DSM-V within 30 days postprocedure.1month2.11(1.03-4.383)0.03
26ASA scoresDemographic factorsThoracic surgery128Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was diagnosed if postoperative MoCA decreased atleast 2 scores compared with preoperative baseline value1-3day2.617(1.112-6.157)0.029
28AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery102MMSE＜241week1.32(1.10-1.46)0.002
40AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery644POCD was defined in an individual when their RCI score was less than≥1.96 on＞2 tests and/or their combined Z score was less than≥1.96.1week1.07(1.04-1.11)＜0.01
41AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery644POCD was defined in an individual when their RCI score was less than≥1.96 on＞2 tests and/or their combined Z score was less than≥1.96.3month1.04(1.01-1.07)0.01
43AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery101When Z≥1.96 is considered abnormal,if there are two or more scale test abnormalities or a total Z score≥1.96,the diagnosis of POCD has occurred1week1.177(1.071-1.292)0.001
46AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)142Global scores below 1.5SD of the mean performance of the control laminectomy patients were determined to represent moderate-to-severe neurocognitive dysfunction1-3day1.12(1.04-1.22)0.002
49AgeDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery70The clinical manifestations of POCD include mental disorders,personality changes,anxiety,and impaired memory.1week1.067(1.003-1.134)0.039
57AgeDemographic factorscraniocerebral surgery494MMSE＜241year0.001
58GenderDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery134McNair score(≥43)/MMSE(Score≤24)discharge0.002
59AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery134McNair score(≥43)/MMSE(Score≤24)discharge0.002
64AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery181POCD was defined as a decrease of 2 points or more in a patient’s Mini-Mental State Examination score2week1.070(1.005-1.140)0.036
72AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)80cognitive decline if they had a negative change score from post to pre-operative testing6month1.11(1.033-1.193)0.005
78EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery939defining cognitive impairment of one standard deviation,6month0.001
81AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery321MMSE The maximum test score is 30 and a score less than 24 indicates cognitive impairment.1-3day3.6(1.8-7.5)＜0.05
82GenderDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery321MMSE The maximum test score is 30 and a score less than 24 indicates cognitive impairment.1-3day2.1(1.2-3.9)＜0.05
91GenderDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery117postoperative cognitive impairment using a categorical definition (one SD decline on two or more cognitive measures)4-6week0.035
103EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1040The RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 with lower scores indicating worse global cognitive function.3month＜0.001
104EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1040The RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 with lower scores indicating worse global cognitive function.3month＜0.001
105EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1040The RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 with lower scores indicating worse global cognitive function.3month＜0.001
106EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1040The RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 with lower scores indicating worse global cognitive function.1year0.012
107EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1040The RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 with lower scores indicating worse global cognitive function.1year＜0.001
113AgeDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery102For statistical analysis,according to previous report,a decline of more than 10 % or 2 points in MMSE test was regarded as POCD.1-3day1.39＜0.001
119AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery88The neuropsychological portion of the study design followed the consensus statements on the assessment of central nervous system disorders after cardiac surgery6month1.4(1.0-1.7)0.04
129AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery185significant impairment was defined as a decline from preoperative testing of＞1SD on＞20% of test measures (at least 2 of 6)1week1.3(1.0-1.8)0.02
131GenderDemographic factorsRadical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy40All the neuropsychological tests were compared through a statistical evaluation conducted with at least two groups.6month＜0.05
132AgeDemographic factorsRadical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy40All the neuropsychological tests were compared through a statistical evaluation conducted with at least two groups.1year0.001
133EducationDemographic factorsRadical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy40All the neuropsychological tests were compared through a statistical evaluation conducted with at least two groups.NA0.008
143GenderDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery200ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was＞1.96.1week0.04
150AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery621week0.0002
161AgeDemographic factorsThoracic surgery50When the Z score is found to be more than 1.96 two or more times,the patients can be recognized with POCD1week1.4260.041
164AgeDemographic factorspelvic surgery50there were significant findings (≥1.96) in postoperative neurocognitive tests or the total Z score≥1.96,then the patients were defined as POCD1week0.041
173EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery80the composite Z score＞1.96 or the sum of more than two Z scores＞1.96 in a single test)1week7.201(2.351-22.06)0.001
174EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery80the composite Z score＞1.96 or the sum of more than two Z scores＞1.96 in a single test)1week5.129(1.384-18.999)0.014
178AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery227ISPOCD A patient was defined as having POCD when two Z scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were 1.96 or more.1week1.044(1.007-1.083)0.019
180AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery227ISPOCD A patient was defined as having POCD when two Z scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were 1.96 or more.3month1.080(1.001-1.164)0.046
185AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery460“cognitive deficit” (the binary outcome) was defined as a decline of 1 standard deviation (SD) or more in performance on at least 1 of the 4 domains.6week0.01
186AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery460“cognitive deficit” (the binary outcome) was defined as a decline of 1 standard deviation (SD) or more in performance on at least 1 of the 4 domains.6week0.04
190EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery31POCD has been defined as a decline of 1 SD in performance in at least one testdischarge0.69(0.50-0.96)0.03
192AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)186Neurocognitive dysfunction was defined as a two standard deviation decline in performance compared with a similarly aged control group of lumbar laminectomy patients.1month2.57(1.01. 6.51)0.05
194AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1218Patients had cognitive dysfunction when two Z scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were 1.96 or more.1week2.1(1.4-2.9)0.0001
196EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1218Patients had cognitive dysfunction when two Z scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were 1.96 or more.1week1.3(1.0-1.7)0.03
200AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1218Patients had cognitive dysfunction when two Z scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were 1.96 or more.3month1.6(1.0-2.6)0.05
203AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1064A patient was classified as exhibiting POCD if the Z scores on two individual tests or the combined Z score was 1.96 or greater.3month1.02(1.01-1.04)0.0109
204EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1064A patient was classified as exhibiting POCD if the Z scores on two individual tests or the combined Z score was 1.96 or greater.3month0.84(0.76-0.93)0.0031
206AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery107POCD was defined using the same definition that was used in the ISPOCD1 study.Z score≥1.96 or total z≥1.91week1.065(1.001-1.134)0.047
209AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery316Cognitive dysfunction was defined as impaired performance within one or more of the four areas assessed.1week0.001
211WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery316Cognitive dysfunction was defined as impaired performance within one or more of the four areas assessed.1week0.0065
212EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery316Cognitive dysfunction was defined as impaired performance within one or more of the four areas assessed.1week0.0017
213AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery316Cognitive dysfunction was defined as impaired performance within one or more of the four areas assessed.2month0.0007
217AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery261Decline in postoperative function was defined as a drop of 1 SD or more in the scores on tests of any one of four domains of cognitive function. (A reduction of 1 SD represents a decline in function of approximately 20 percent.)6month＜0.001
218EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery261Decline in postoperative function was defined as a drop of 1 SD or more in the scores on tests of any one of four domains of cognitive function. (A reduction of 1 SD represents a decline in function of approximately 20 percent.)5year0.003
219AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery127Cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of one standard deviation or more in performance of at least two neurocognitive tests1week2.78(1.13-6.85)0.025
224ASA scoresDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)64A decrease of 4 points or more between each test was defined as significant cognitive dysfunction development1-3day0.004
230AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery70Postoperative Z scores were then subtracted from preoperative Z scores to calculate the pairwise change in Z score; a significant decline in cognition was assumed if there was a drop in Z score of＞1 SD from baseline.6-8week1.07(1.01-1.13)0.01
233GenderDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery2801year0.02
234GenderDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery2801year0.05
237AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)60MMSE≤271week0.019
238AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)60MMSE≤273month＜0.001
239EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)60MMSE≤271week0.018
240EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)60MMSE≤273month0.002
256GenderDemographic factorscraniocerebral surgery208patients scoring impaired defined as a Z score of≤1.503month6.5＜0.05
289EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery411“cognitive deficit” outcome event was defined as a decline in performance of 1 sd or more in any of the independent domains.6week0.001
290AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery411“cognitive deficit” outcome event was defined as a decline in performance of 1 sd or more in any of the independent domains.6week0.004
299AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1390mild decrease 1-2SD,sever＞2SD1year1.18(1.15--1.22) ＜0.001
300WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1390mild decrease 1-2SD,sever＞2SD1year0.68(0.50--0.93)0.015
301WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1390mild decrease 1-2SD,sever＞2SD1year0.58(0.39--0.85)0.005
308AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week1.062(1.054-1.069)＜0.001
309EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery131A patient was defined as having POCD if the Z scores on an individual test or the combined Z score of multiple testswas≥21week0.875(0.853-0.897)＜0.001
341AgeDemographic factorsThoracic surgery215when the t-MoCA scoredecreased by＞1.96 points at 1 month postoperatively,the patient was considered to have delayed neurocognitive recovery.3-5day2.311(1.096-4.876)0.028
351AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.3-5day1.922(1.057-2.132) 0.018
352EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.3-5day2.512(1.603-15.244) 0.034
358AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.1week2.890(1.583-9.581)0.023
359EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery382ISPOCD 1: A patientwas classified as displaying abnormal cognition if the Z score was 1.96.1week3.800(1.200-13.493) 0.04
365AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)22summed to generate a total deficit score (TDS)was greaterthen two standard deviations above the mean total cognitive change score of the control group1-3day1.93(1.15-3.25)0.01
370AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)384POCD was diagnosed in accordancewith the method used in the ISPOCD1 study1week1.126(1.059-1.198)＜0.001
371AgeDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery112POCD was diagnosed if two or more scale tests of Z score≥2 ora total Z score of≥2 existed in the same patient1week1.269(1.056-1.525)0.011
372EducationDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery112POCD was diagnosed if two or more scale tests of Z score≥2 ora total Z score of≥2 existed in the same patient1week0.792(0.644-0.974)0.027
382AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery176POCD was defined as a MMSE deterioration of 1 Z score3-5day1.34(1.01-1.78)0.043
388AgeDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery312DNR was defined as a Z score (at least two Z scores in each individual test or the composite Z score) at≥1.961month1.207(1.113-1.309)＜0.001
403AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)287According tothe guidance of ISPOCD1 and ISPOCD2,a Z score for each test wascalculated. In this study,patients were defined as sufferingPOCD while Z scores 1.96 on at least 2 tests1week2.12(1.05-4.41)0.028
420AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery123A patient was defined as having POCD when two or moreZ scores in individual tests or the combined Z score were -1.96 or less.1week1.186(1.061-1.325)0.003
430AgeDemographic factorsThoracic surgery60Delayed neurocognitive recovery or cognitive decline was defined as 1.96 SDdecrease in 2 tests1-3day9.213(1.789-47.437)0.008
431EducationDemographic factorsThoracic surgery60Delayed neurocognitive recovery or cognitive decline was defined as 1.96 SDdecrease in 2 tests1-3day6.829(1.068-43.677)0.042
435EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)76The evidence of cognitive decline was that both MMSEand MoCA score declined more than 1 standard deviation (SD) after surgery compared with preoperative score1week0.478(0.247-0.927)0.029
442AgeDemographic factorsHepatobiliary surgery132POCD if their Z scores were≥1.01week1.15(1.07-1.22)＜0.001
450AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)98Cognitive decline was defined as negativechange in RAVLTsum of trials from postop to preop tests. Significant cognitive decline wasdefined as＞10% decrease in cognitive score compared with preoperative assessment.3month12.71(1.43-112.87)0.023
464Blood typeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)380MMSE decrease ＞21week＜0.01
467AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)78The magnitude of result was called Z score,and patients with at least two Z scores＞2 were assigned into POCD group.1week1.221＜0.05
480EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery101he criterion used to determine POCD was cognitiveperformancedeclinebyatleast 20% on atleast 20% ofthe neuropsychological test variables,4month＜0.001
481EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery67Delayed neurocognitive recovery wasdefined as a decline in cognitive function compared with baseline assessmentsdischarge0.938(0.891-0.988)0.015
487EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery713the POCD criteria were considered fulfilled for the purpose of the BioCog study if a patient’s performance deviated by more than -1.96 in the RCI of a single test parameter or the compound RCI of all test parameters.1month1.00(0.98. 1.02)0.995
496AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)133Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was diagnosed as MMSE decrease or MoCA decrease value≤−2discharge1.3(1.017-1.662)0.036
498AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)133Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was diagnosed as MMSE decrease or MoCA decrease value≤−2discharge1.556(1.214-1.994)＜0.001
509AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery976defined POCD as a combined Z score greater than 1.96 or a Z score greater than 1.96 in at least 2 of the 7 subtests.1week2.0(1.37-3.03)0.004
512AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery336Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a condition characterised by impairment of memory and concentration,detected by neuropsychological testing.1week2.58(1.42-4.70)0.002
515AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery162a cognitive change score (CCS),This score was usually positive,reflecting learning effect; therefore,lower values of this score reflected more severe NCD.6week 0.990.0003
517EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery162a cognitive change score (CCS),This score was usually positive,reflecting learning effect; therefore,lower values of this score reflected more severe NCD.6week 1.03＜0.0001
518AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)100we chose to define a significant decline in cognitive function as a decrease in MMSE score of 4 or more 1week0.016
524AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery372 Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was defined using Z score analysis.1week3.8(1.7-8.7)0.01
526EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery164Overall postoperative NCD was defined as a≥25% decline in the performance scores compared with the baseline score,in at least 2 of the 5 tests.2week6.1(1.4-26.0)0.003
528WeightDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery765Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) describes a decline in cognitive test performance compared with presurgical performance.ISPOCD3month2.20(1.15-4.21)0.02
529AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery44has been defined as a decrease in cognitive performance respect to preoperative baseline levels and multiple cognitive domains could be affected. (a score deterioration in the performance≥1.5 SD1month3.5(1.7-6.9)＜0.001
540AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery41if their total standardized change Z score was≤1.01week0.009
541EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery41if their total standardized change Z score was≤1.01week0.0001
542AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)75a total deficit score(TDS) was greater than 2 SD above the mean performance of the control laminectomy patients (TDS≥7). Z score =(change score - mean change scoreLL)/SD of change score1month6.19(0.82-47.12)0.08
544WeightDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)75a total deficit score(TDS) was greater than 2 SD above the mean performance of the control laminectomy patients (TDS≥7). Z score =(change score - mean change scoreLL)/SD of change score1month24.43(1.41-422.9)0.03
546EducationDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery177POCD was diagnosed when the MMSE score was declined 1 SD or more at 1 week after operation compared with the preoperative MMSE score or TICS-M score＜33 at 3 months after operation.1week0.828(0.746-0.919)＜0.001
547AgeDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery177POCD was diagnosed when the MMSE score was declined 1 SD or more at 1 week after operation compared with the preoperative MMSE score or TICS-M score＜33 at 3 months after operation.3month1.082(1.019-1.150)0.011
548EducationDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery177POCD was diagnosed when the MMSE score was declined 1 SD or more at 1 week after operation compared with the preoperative MMSE score or TICS-M score＜33 at 3 months after operation.3month0.855(0.758-0.964)0.011
551AgeDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery102MMSE decrease＞21-3day1.39＜0.001
560AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery124we considered a 20% reduction incognitive function to be clinically important.1week1.1(1.0-1.2)0.04
568AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)46POCD was definedas Z scores on at least two tests of 1.96 or greater.1week1.2240.035
571AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery127Cognitive decline was defi ned as a decrease of one standard deviation or more in performance on at least two neurocognitive tests.1week2.78(1.13-6.85)0.025
578WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery36Postoperative cognitive impairment was defined by a significant decrease.1year1.6(1.2-3.8)0.05
590AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery192Cognitive status was measured using the Hasegawa dementia scale we defined a decline of more than 3 points as a significant decline.2-3week1.1179(1.053-1.180)＜0.05
591EducationDemographic factorsBreast surgery73Neuropsychologic impairment was determined as follows: first,a patient who scored 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean of the control group on a test was considered impaired on that specific test.2year0.9(0.8-1.0)0.007
597AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery54Cognitive decline was defined as a 20% decrease in cognitive function in at least one of the tests3-5day0.001
600AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery82was defined as a Z score＞1.96 on at least 2 different tests or Telephone Interviews for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-M) score＜27.1week1.15(1.03-1.28)0.014
608AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)998Neurocognitive disorders for the individual parameter was defined as more than 2 SD of meanbelow norms for that parameter. Neurocognitive disorders were defined as a significant worst condition in atleast 2 parameters out of all parameters.1week＜0.0001
609GenderDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)998Neurocognitive disorders for the individual parameter was defined as more than 2 SD of meanbelow norms for that parameter. Neurocognitive disorders were defined as a significant worst condition in atleast 2 parameters out of all parameters.1week0.002
610WeightDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)998Neurocognitive disorders for the individual parameter was defined as more than 2 SD of meanbelow norms for that parameter. Neurocognitive disorders were defined as a significant worst condition in atleast 2 parameters out of all parameters.1week0.003
612AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)998Neurocognitive disorders for the individual parameter was defined as more than 2 SD of meanbelow norms for that parameter. Neurocognitive disorders were defined as a significant worst condition in atleast 2 parameters out of all parameters.3month0.002
617AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery115Scores less than 20 on theHDS-R are an indicator of cognitive impairment,which isalmost equivalent to a scores of 23 on the MMSE2-3week1.11(1.02-1.22)0.0137
620AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)313POCD was defined as a decline of 1 SD or more in MMSE score 7 d postoperatively when compared with the preoperative score1week1.08(1.023-1.14)0.005
621EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)313POCD was defined as a decline of 1 SD or more in MMSE score 7 d postoperatively when compared with the preoperative score1week0.83(0.74-0.93)0.002
629AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)385Cognitive decline was defined as an increase in Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline Short Form score of 1 standard deviation or more or a decrease in Mini Mental StateExamination score of 3 points or more between admissionand 12 months after discharge.1year1.07(1.02-1.12)0.005
633AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)385Cognitive decline was defined as an increase in Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline Short Form score of 1 standard deviation or more or a decrease in Mini Mental StateExamination score of 3 points or more between admissionand 12 months after discharge.1.10(1.03-1.11)0.008
637AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1277POCD (post-operative cognitive dysfunction) is used to describe a cognitive deterioration that exceeds a 'normal’age- and time-attributed cognitive decline andwhich is caused by negative consequences of peri-operative conditions3month1.04(1.02 to 1.07)0.0009
644EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery57The Z scores of the individual tasks weresummed to generate a composite standardised changescore. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was definedas a Z score＜ 2 in two or more individual tasks ora composite Z score of＜ 2. /Long-term POCD was defined as POCD at 15 months postoperatively3month0.892(0.168-1.616)0.017
651AgeDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery180if the scores on both scales decreased by 1 SD (standard deviation) from thepreoperative level.1week1.11(1.01-1.23)0.043
664AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery81Impairment can only be established in relative terms from differences in performance before and after surgery (either statistically different or arbitrary difference between pre- and post-scores such as 1 SD or 20% decline,6month＜0.01
666EducationDemographic factorsAbdominal surgery103any patient show a deficit in 2 or more test was defined as POCD1week0.891(0.807-0.903)0.022
671AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery180defined as≥1 SD deterioration in two or more of 12 neurocognitive tests3month1.08(1.02-1.15)0.009
673AgeDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery141Any patient having deficit in 2 or more neuropsychological tests was deemed to have POCD. We used this one SD criterion as described in previous studies1week3.227(1.816-5.735)0
683AgeDemographic factorsHepatobiliary surgery80Z score was determined by the followingmethod: ([change score] individual-[mean change score])/(stan-dard deviation change scoretotal) 1week0.002
685ASA scoresDemographic factorsHepatobiliary surgery80Z score was determined by the followingmethod: ([change score] individual-[mean change score])/(stan-dard deviation change scoretotal) 1week0.039
692EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery71A patient with a drop of one category inany domain of the RBANS was considered to have POCD.3month0.04
694AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery416postoperativeMMSE scores that decreased by more than 2 points reflectedPOCD1week0.002
695EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery416postoperativeMMSE scores that decreased by more than 2 points reflectedPOCD1week＜0.001
699AgeDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery82POCD was diagnosed if postoperative scoredecreased by at least 20%1-3day0.021
700WeightDemographic factorsHead and neck surgery82POCD was diagnosed if postoperative scoredecreased by at least 20%1-3day0.032
708AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery921ISPOCD We defined POCD if 2 or more Z scores were 1.96 or greater.defined by calculating a Z score for the CFQ using the same approach.1week1.04(1.01-1.08)0.01
716AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery282decreased cognitive function for each test was defined if thetest score was 2 standard deviations (SD) or more belowthe mean of the healthy control group for that test3month1.05(1.0-1.11)＜0.05
737AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery284Patients with a score of less than 26 were considered to have cognitive impairment.3week1.154(1.021-1.287)0.008
742AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery109signifi cant impairment was defi ned as a declinefrom preoperative testing of more than 1 SD on morethan 20% of test measures (at least 2 of 6)6month1.30.047
745AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery415The full score of the MMSE scaleis 30. The test process required about 5-10 min. The occurrence of POCD was determined based on an MMSEscore≤266month1.150(1.056-1.252)0.001
749AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery415The full score of the MMSE scaleis 30. The test process required about 5-10 min. The occurrence of POCD was determined based on an MMSEscore≤266month1.204(1.112-1.304)＜0.001
762AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)959high for scores 9-10,moderate for 7-8and low for≤61-3day0.97(0.95-0.99)0.008
771AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery525cognitive deficit was defined as a decline of at least one standard deviation(SD) calculated from the baseline scores in at least one ofthe four cognitive domains6week0.0005
773EducationDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery525cognitive deficit was defined as a decline of at least one standard deviation(SD) calculated from the baseline scores in at least one ofthe four cognitive domains6week0.045
775AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery113MMSE≤271week0.741(0.028-1.439)0.043
787AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery4788Cognitive Decline was defined as a worsened functional or cognitive statefrom baseline to follow-up survey. Patients whose status remained the same or improved were considered to have no decline.7month1.07(1.05-1.09)＜0.05
790AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)5201Patient was considered to have cognitiveimpairment if their scores showed an annual decrease of more than onepoint in 3MSE or DSST scores compared to the preoperative score.1year1.08(1.06-1.10)＜0.0001
791EthnicityDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)5201Patient was considered to have cognitiveimpairment if their scores showed an annual decrease of more than onepoint in 3MSE or DSST scores compared to the preoperative score.1year2.14(1.60-2.87)＜0.0001
793AgeDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)5201Patient was considered to have cognitiveimpairment if their scores showed an annual decrease of more than onepoint in 3MSE or DSST scores compared to the preoperative score.1year1.13(1.11-1.16)＜0.0001
794EducationDemographic factorsCarotid artery stenting(CAS)/carotid endarterectomy(CEA)5201Patient was considered to have cognitiveimpairment if their scores showed an annual decrease of more than onepoint in 3MSE or DSST scores compared to the preoperative score.1year1.36(1.11-1.67)0.003
797ASA scoresDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)1224We defined cognitive decline as a two­point drop or greaterbetween pre and postoperative AMTS.AMTS A score of 6 or below is indicative of severe cognitive impairment,7 or 8 implies mild cognitive impairment,and9 or 10 lucidity.1-3day2.6(1.7-4.0)＜0.001
803AgeDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery1081.17(1.06-1.32)＜0.01
805WeightDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery1080.83(0.71-0.97)0.02
812AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)172a decrease of 2 points compared to the baselinelevel was considered as POCD.0.014
820AgeDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery13899ICD-101year1.020(1.010-1.031)＜0.001
831AgeDemographic factorsSpinal surgery81It was diagnosed as a decline of1 SD or more in MMSE score 7 d postoperatively when compared with the preoperative score1week0.011(0.001-0.153)0.001
836AgeDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery369POCD was diagnosed when the MMSE score decreased by more than 3 pointscompared with the baseline score1week1.715(1.003-2.934)0.049
837WeightDemographic factorsEsophageal and gastrointestinal surgery369POCD was diagnosed when the MMSE score decreased by more than 3 pointscompared with the baseline score1week2.241(1.060-4.737)0.035
843EducationDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery74(ISPOCD1) definition :at least two of the neuropsychological testZ scores were＞1.96 or the composite Z score was＞1.96.7-14day0.57(0.41-0.81)0.001
847AgeDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery101ACE-III＜887-14day＜0.01
851EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)206MMSE＜23 or decreased 2score than M1d1-3day0.312(0.170-0.573)0
852WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1545Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring more than 2 standard deviations below controls on at least one of 5-11 cognitive testsPreoperation0.07
853WeightDemographic factorsCardiac Surgery1545Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring more than 2 standard deviations below controls on at least one of 5-11 cognitive testsPreoperation＜0.05
854WeightDemographic factorsNon-cardiac surgery1545Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring more than 2 standard deviations below controls on at least one of 5-11 cognitive testsPreoperation＜0.05
855AgeDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)374Considering the impact of education level on MMSE assessment,combined with the actual situationin China and previous studies,the thresholds for those who were illiterate or attended at most primary school ormiddle school were≤17,≤20,and≤24,respectively. Individuals with a score below the threshold valuewere considered as cognitively impaired.Preoperation1.089(1.037-1.144)＜0.001
859EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)374Considering the impact of education level on MMSE assessment,combined with the actual situationin China and previous studies,the thresholds for those who were illiterate or attended at most primary school ormiddle school were≤17,≤20,and≤24,respectively. Individuals with a score below the threshold valuewere considered as cognitively impaired.Preoperation0.413(0.213-0.799)0.009
860EducationDemographic factorsElective joint arthroplasty (TJA)374Considering the impact of education level on MMSE assessment,combined with the actual situationin China and previous studies,the thresholds for those who were illiterate or attended at most primary school ormiddle school were≤17,≤20,and≤24,respectively. Individuals with a score below the threshold valuewere considered as cognitively impaired.Preoperation0.12(0.052-0.280) ＜0.001


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